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The Westminster Minority Amendment and Its Legacy: A Challenge to Reformed Orthodoxy
Introduction The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF), completed in 1646, stands as one of the most comprehensive theological formulations of Reformed Christianity. However, during its drafting and ratification process, theological debates arose among the Westminster Divines, leading to several proposed amendments, including one that sought to revise the doctrine of justification by removing explicit affirmation…
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Empathy in Perspective: Affirming Mnookin and Evaluating Rigney’s Concerns
Introduction Empathy, the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings, has long been a subject of debate in psychology, philosophy, and ethics. While most view empathy as an essential aspect of human connection, its role in decision-making and moral reasoning is more contentious. Two thinkers, Robert Mnookin and Joe Rigney, offer contrasting perspectives on…
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The Law and the Gospel: The Fulfillment of Justice and Love in Christ
Humanity stands before a holy God with a deep and undeniable need—a need that can only be fulfilled in Christ. The law of God, given as a revelation of His perfect righteousness, serves as both a mirror and a tutor. It reveals the standard of divine perfection and, at the same time, exposes the depths…
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The Doctrine of Imputation: A Biblical and Confessional Defense Against Infused Righteousness
Introduction The doctrine of justification is central to the Christian faith. The Reformers, following Scripture, upheld imputation—the teaching that Christ’s righteousness is credited to the believer by faith alone. In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church teaches infused righteousness, which asserts that righteousness is gradually imparted to the believer, making him inherently just before God. The…
